"Many royal families can be brutal when it comes to lines of succession," Ghanima said cheerfully, bouncing a giggling Trebor on her hip. "Sometimes, a royal will try to protect their beloved sibling. But the best of intentions means nothing against the State, and it does not always go well."
"When
Mustafa I -- called both 'Mustafa the Saint' and 'Mustafa the Mad,' was born, a tradition had long been in place in Turkey that newly crowned Sultans would execute any contenders to the throne. Namely, their brothers. This practice was called
kardeş katliamı, literally 'fraternal massacring.'"
She booped Trebor on the nose. "Do not get any ideas about your future siblings, dearest. I am raising you better than that."
"Now, when Mustafa's half-brother, Ahmed, came to the throne, he decided to spare his little brother's life -- allegedly at the urging of Ahmed's own mother, the Haseki Sultan Kosem -- and instead he was confined to a set of rooms in virtual imprisonment, a system called '
kafes,' for fourteen years. Think of it as being locked in a two-bedroom apartment for your entire life, never to set foot outside your door, and to have your contact with the outside world limited."
"You must keep in mind that the early history of the Ottoman Empire is littered with succession wars between rival sons of the deceased sultan. Therefore, it was almost considered the law that once the new sultan ascended to the throne, he had his brothers killed, sometimes dozens of them at once, including infants," Ghanima continued briskly, as her son played with her braids. "Although this practice effectively reduced the number of claimants to the throne, there were several occasions where the Ottoman line seemed destined to end. The introduction of confinement of heirs provided security for an incumbent sultan and continuity of the dynasty. It wreaked havoc on their education and mental health, as they were removed from the harem and their mothers upon puberty, but it was seen as a measure to guarantee succession."
"When Ahmet I died in 1617 his eldest son, Osman, was only thirteen years old and for the first time in fourteen generations the succession was altered by the Imperial Council so that the late sultan's brother acceded to the throne as Mustafa I, again, partially due to the lobbying of Kosem Sultan, in an effort to protect the rest of her sons, as Osman was the son of a concubine, and she feared for the safety of her children."
"When Mustafa was first freed, his mental health was hotly debated at court. Some said he was divinely inspired and a religious visionary. Others saw his ranting as psychotic rather than celestial. His policies and orders did little to gain any confidence: any kind page or generous farmer could find themselves in an exalted position of considerable power at the royal court. It was hoped that regular social contact would improve Mustafa's mental health, but his behavior remained eccentric. He reportedly pulled off the turbans of his viziers and yanked their beards, which, in their culture, was <i>highly</i> disrespectful. This annoyed enough courtiers to tip the balance of public opinion against him, and after less-than a year, Mustafa was returned to his cage."
"For the next four years, Mustafa remained locked away with two female slaves to care for him. Outside, Osman II, his late brother's son, was ruling. He issued edicts against everything from tobacco to alcohol, and practiced with bow and arrow on living targets around the court. Ultimately, he made himself very unpopular, and was tortured to death in 1622."
"During this period, Mustafa was rather content in his cage. When he was released in 1623, he refused to leave at first, and had to be dragged out at the end of a rope. Despite his objections, questionable mental health, and obvious inadequacies, Mustafa was a reluctant sultan once more, through the efforts of his mother, Halime Sultan."
"Again entrusted with governing Turkey, terrified of the responsibility, and unprepared, he set out to wreak havoc. He slaughtered all those who had been responsible for removing him from his cage, including his nephew. Farm laborers, donkey drivers, and other unlikely subjects found themselves promoted. Taxes went unpaid, armed forces went un-salaried, and nationwide anarchy loomed. Meanwhile, Mustafa ran in search of Osman, convinced he was alive and begging him to return and take over the throne. When he ordered the execution of all Osman's brothers, he was persuaded by his court to renounce the throne, and turn over the monarchy to another one of his nephews, with Kosem Sultan as regent."
"Mustafa returned to his cage one last time, late in 1623. He died there sixteen years later."